Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
  • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
  • A61K47/6921—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere
  • A61K47/6923—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being an inorganic particle, e.g. ceramic particles, silica particles, ferrite or synsorb
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
  • Y10T428/2989—Microcapsule with solid core [includes liposome]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
  • Y10T428/2991—Coated
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
  • Y10T428/2991—Coated
  • Y10T428/2998—Coated including synthetic resin or polymer

Definitions

• the invention relates to magnetic nanotubes, their production and their
• Cancer is one of the most common causes of death. More and more people are dying in particular from lung, breast and prostate cancer.
• combating cancer is currently one of the primary goals of medicine.
• chemotherapy with its known side-effect profile is one of the usual treatment methods for combating metastatic tumors, since the drugs also damage healthy cells due to their unspecific effect, and that in the sensitive areas of the entire body.
• New therapeutic approaches use, among other things, immune reactions by activating the body's own defenses through messenger substances or cytokines and by destroying the tumor cells on the other hand by protein molecules and / or monoclonal antibodies.
• New developments in the field of tumor cell separation already use particles with a magnetic core that have been modified with biologically active enveloping substances. So-called “drug targeting" with substances coupled to magnetic microspheres such as doxorubicin or other cytostatics are in development.
• microbeads and "dynabeads”, which are also known, are already used for diagnostic procedures in that the magnetic microspheres are adsorbed onto the cell membrane of malignant cells as a result of biological interaction and then magnetically separated. Since the surface structure of the cell membrane is generally non-specific, the separation rates are less than 80%. As a result, there is a risk that many cancer cells have not been separated. These can continue to form metastases.
• the separation for the purpose of diagnosis takes place exclusively extracorporeally, i.e. the liquid with the cells to be separated is treated in a suitable vessel outside the human body. After the separation, the now cleaned liquid can be returned to the human body.
• DE 41 16 093 AI is a process for the production of magnetic carriers by controlled modification the surface of magnetic particles.
• magnetic particles are described which are also capable of forming magnetic liquids, which are characterized in that they carry heteropoly anions and saturated or unsaturated surface-active agents.
• This surface modification is intended to enable biologically active molecules, including antibodies, to be bound to the surface of the particles.
• the biologically active molecules are bound to polythiols via thio bridges.
• dicarboxylic acids and hydroxycarboxylic acids and dimercaptosuccinic acid are used as linker substances. These compounds are able to bind to the magnetic particle due to an iron complexing group.
• DE 196 24 426 AI describes magnetic liquids for the transport of diagnostically or therapeutically active substances.
• the magnetic core particles are encased with polymers that have reactive groups that are capable of covalent bonding or ion exchange. New or additional functional groups can be applied or activated to this absolutely biocompatible shell, which can consist, among other things, of dextran.
• the drug bound to the magnetic particle in the manner described should be administrable intravenously and by means of a magnetic high gradient field in the area of a target area such.
• the particle size of which is specified as 200-500 nm. Due to the size of the particles, penetration of the particles into intracellular spaces is also not possible here. A specific binding to intracellular biomacromolecules is also not possible with these particles.
• the object of the invention is to provide nanotubes which can specifically bind to intracellular biomacromolecules in the intracellular area of cells, so that separation is possible by the action of an external magnetic field.
• the magnetic nanoparticles according to the invention are advantageously able to penetrate through the cell membranes into intracellular spaces and there to interact with intracellular biomacromolecules.
• the magnetic nanoparticles are made of ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic material and are biologically active and / or therapeutically effective cladding layers. They are able, on the one hand, to penetrate the cell membrane of the cells and, on the other hand, to dock in the intracellular area of malignant cells with high specificity on the target located there.
• the size of the nanoparticles according to the invention is generally 2 to 100 nm.
• the nanoparticles have excellent properties with regard to the ability to penetrate the cell membrane and their better tolerance to the body. Although they have a relatively low magnetic moment due to the small volume, the intracellular particle agglomeration leads to an increase in concentration due to the binding to the intracellular target biomacromolecules, with an increase in the magnetic moment of the malignant cells to be separated, which favors the magnetic separation.
• Typical core materials of the nanoparticles according to the invention are ferrites of the general composition MeO x Fe 2 0 3 , where Me is a divalent metal, such as Co, Mn or Fe.
• Other suitable materials are ⁇ -Fe 2 0 3 , pure metals Co, Fe, Ni and metal compounds, such as carbides and nitrides. Since the magnetic moment of cobalt and iron is up to four times higher than that of ferrite, these substances can be separated more effectively with the same particle size and the same magnetic fields. However, it should be borne in mind that the biocompatibility of these materials is lower. This can be an advantage if it causes additional damage to, for example, malignant cells. On the other hand, the exposure time and concentration of these substances in healthy cells must be limited. The interplay of biochemical, medical and physical properties requires the production of tailor-made magnetic core materials and cladding layers.
• the magnetic nanoparticles enable penetration of the cell membranes and interaction of the magnetic nanoparticles with intracellular target biomacromolecules. For this it is necessary to distribute the magnetic nanoparticles homogeneously in body fluids, because aggregated nanoparticles are not able to penetrate the cell membrane. Among other things, this requires a sufficiently thick covering layer, which must be at least in the order of the radius of the cores, and a good biocompatibility of the components of the covering layer. Charge carriers in the shell material, that is, a higher zeta potential, can also have a favorable effect on the dispersibility in the body fluid.
• a particularly favorable application form of the magnetic nanoparticles is a dispersion according to claim 9.
• a homogeneous distribution of the magnetic nanoparticles according to the invention can be promoted by setting a low concentration of the nanoparticle dispersions.
• higher concentrations occur in the interior of the cell if the nanoparticles are concentrated in the intracellular area of cells by specific adsorption on target biomacromolecules. Particle agglomeration inside the cell is advantageous.
• the increase in concentration of magnetic nanoparticles increases the magnetic moment in the cell to be separated.
• the formation of the magnetic core particles takes place in either the aqueous or organic phase via seed / crystal growth processes.
• Manufacturing in the aqueous phase using chemical precipitation methods has several advantages. Firstly, the unmodified magnetic particles form in a first stage. These can be given both positive and negative charge signs via pH settings.
• the shell molecules are only adsorbed in a second stage. The adsorption effectiveness depends on the charge sign on the surface of the magnetic core particles. The rule applies that shell molecules with negatively charged molecule particles preferentially adsorb onto core surfaces with a positive charge sign.
• An ionic chemical reaction usually takes place, e.g. between carboxyl compounds and amino compounds. This has the advantage that the adsorbed enveloping molecules completely cover the core surface and are firmly anchored to it.
• Ferromagnetic metal core particles are mainly produced by thermolysis of the metal carbonyls in the organic phase.
• soluble surfactants or polymers are added, which serve for stabilization.
• core particles that are in the organic phase are homogeneously distributed.
• the core particles are transferred into an aqueous carrier liquid. If the coating contains modified amino acids, the core particles are transferred after the organic solvent has been largely removed by adding an alkaline aqueous carrier liquid. The coating layer is converted into the water-soluble salt of the amino acid, which causes the magnetic core particles to be dispersed.
• the magnetic nanoparticles can then be produced via further reactions.
• the magnetic nanoparticles contain a compound of the general formula M - S - L - Z (I), the linking sites between S and L and L and Z having covalently bonded functional groups, and
• M is the magnetic core particle
• S is a biocompatible substrate attached to M
• L is a linker group
• the magnetic core particles consist of magnetite, maghemite, ferrites of the general formula MeO x Fe 2 0 3 , where Me is a divalent metal, such as cobalt, manganese, iron, or cobalt, iron, nickel, iron carbide or iron nitride.
• Me is a divalent metal, such as cobalt, manganese, iron, or cobalt, iron, nickel, iron carbide or iron nitride.
• the size of the core particles is 2-100 nm.
• the substrate S is in one embodiment of the invention by the compounds such as poly- or oligosaccharides or their derivatives such as dextran, carboxymethyl dextran, starch, dialdehyde starch, chitin, alginates, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, proteins or their derivatives such as albumins , Peptides, synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycols, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethyleneimine, polymethacrylates, bifunctional carboxylic acids and their derivatives such as mercapto-succinic acid or hydroxycarboxylic acids.
• the compounds such as poly- or oligosaccharides or their derivatives such as dextran, carboxymethyl dextran, starch, dialdehyde starch, chitin, alginates, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, proteins or their derivatives such as albumins , Peptides, synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycols, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethyleneimine,
• the linker group L is converted by reacting a compound such as poly- and dicarboxylic acids, polyhydroxycarboxylic acids, diamines, amino acids, peptides, proteins, lipids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, lectins, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, oligonucleotides and their alkylated derivatives and Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, PNA) and their alkylated derivatives, either single-stranded or double-stranded, which contain at least two identical or different functional groups, are formed.
• a compound such as poly- and dicarboxylic acids, polyhydroxycarboxylic acids, diamines, amino acids, peptides, proteins, lipids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, lectins, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, oligonucleotides and their alkylated derivatives and Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, PNA) and their alkylated derivatives
• the functional groups are provided by way of example, which can be used according to the invention as linking groups for the substrate S, for the linker grouping L and the grouping Z. It is essential that the compound (I) is characterized by covalent bonds.
• the biochemically active compound of the general formula S - L - Z (II) is excellently suitable for producing the magnetic nanoparticles according to the invention.
• the magnetic nanoparticles are produced in stages.
• the magnetic core particles are produced in a manner known per se and, in a preferred variant, are reacted directly with the biochemically active compound (II).
• the magnetic core particles according to the invention are produced by the following method: a. Production of the magnetic core particles in a manner known per se, b. Implementation of the magnetic core particles with the biocompatible substrate S and c. Reacting the resulting compound M - S with a compound L - Z, whereby for the production of L - Z a compound such as poly- and dicarboxylic acids, polyhydroxycarboxylic acids, diamines, amino acids, peptides, proteins, lipids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, lectins, oligosaccharides, poly - Saccharide, oligonucleotides and their alkylated derivatives and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, PNA) and their alkylated derivatives, either single-stranded or double-stranded, which contains at least two identical or different functional groups, with nucleic acids, peptides and / or proteins or their derivatives which have at least one functional group and which contain at least
• the procedure is such that only the compound L - Z is produced and then L - Z is reacted with the substrate S.
• the nanoparticles according to the invention can be used for separating cells, for separating malignant cells and for separating intracellular biomacromolecules.
• the fusion regions of chromosomes serve as molecular markers as points of attack for an interaction with intracellular biomacromolecules. That can e.g. B. Molecular markers typical of the disease.
• these fusion regions can lead to fusion genes which produce fusion messenger ribonucleic acids (fusion mRNA) and fusion proteins.
• fusion mRNA fusion messenger ribonucleic acids
• CML Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
• a chromosomal reorganization t (9; 22) (q34; qll) occurs, the so-called Philadelphia chromosome, which leads to the BCR / ABL gene product.
• Philadelphia chromosome the so-called Philadelphia chromosome
• This gene is rewritten into messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and leads to the synthesis of the BCR / ABL protein.
• mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid
• the BCR / ABL mRNA and the BCR / ABL protein only occur in the tumor cells.
• BCR / ABL mRNA can be considered as the binding domain for the magnetic nanoparticles.
• the Z grouping of the magnetic nanoparticles according to the invention is intended to interact with the complementary sequence on the mRNA by means of nucleic acid-nucleic acid interaction, the BCR / ABL fusion site having to be contained in this sequence.
• the individual-specific sequence around the fusion site has previously been determined by laboratory methods. The interaction is said to take place in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells.
• ALL Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) t (9; 22) (q34; qll) (BCR / ABL) t (1; 19) (q23; pl3) (E2A / PBX) t (8; 14) (q24; q32) t (2; 8) (pll; q24) t (8; 22) (q24; qll) (MYC, IGH,
• AML Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• AML t (8; 21) (q22; q22) (AML / ETO) t (15; 17) (q21; qll) (PML / RARA) invl6 (pl3q22) t (16, -16) ( pl3; q22)
• Non-Hodgkin lymphomas t (14, -18) (q32, q21) (BCL2 / IGH) t (8, -14) (q24, -q32) t (2, 8) (pll; q24) t (8, - 22) (q24; qll)
• the invention has several advantages. First of all, it has been shown that the magnetic nanoparticles according to the invention have high biocompatibility in corresponding cell culture studies. This enables a safe application, and a purely extracorporeal use of the particles is also conceivable in the context of the applications according to the invention.
• the magnetic nanoparticles according to the invention offer decisive advantages. With them it is possible to penetrate into the interior of the cells, the so-called cytoplasm, and specifically to bind biomacromolecules with corresponding structures such as binding domains of nucleic acids.
• Proteins produced after appropriate translation are also envisaged as target biomacromolecules for specific binding to the group Z of the general formula (I).
• group Z of the general formula (I) Proteins produced after appropriate translation are also envisaged as target biomacromolecules for specific binding to the group Z of the general formula (I).
• all malignant diseases have a changed genome in the cell as the basis. This molecular basis has already been defined for a number of diseases.
• the fusion of existing genes into so-called fusion genes leads to an individual-specific change in the base sequence, which has both specificity with regard to the underlying disease and to the respective patient.
• the modified genomic structure (binding domain) is first used as a specific binding partner of the group Z in (I) by means of molecular diagnostics. Are defined.
• the group Z is synthesized as a specific binding partner of the binding domain and then used clinically.
• healthy cells also have defined base sequences which are of interest as a binding domain.
• An example of this may be embryonic cells that are present in every healthy organism and that, as a prototype for a cell type-specific gene expression, have a base sequence that is different from that of adult cells.
• malignant cells these cells can serve as target objects for magnetic separation of intracellular biomacromolecules by inducing a specific binding of the Z group to intracellular nucleic acids. This makes it clear that the separation of malignant cells is only one example of many. In addition to the separation from blood, the use of all other body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, urine, saliva, sperm and dissociated tissue can of course also be considered.
• chronic myeloid leukemia It has long been known that chronic myeloid leukemia is based on a specific translocation between chromosome 9 and 22, which is referred to as a generic term as the Philadelphia chromosome.
• molecular analyzes in recent years have shown that even in the case of a disease, there are a large number of possible breakpoints - that is, different fusion genes - which must be defined individually for each patient. It is therefore not possible to develop a universal strategy for every patient with chronic offer myeloid leukemia, rather the exact location of the break point (binding domain) must first be defined in the sense described above.
• the breakpoints are advantageously to be specifically addressed with the magnetic nanoparticles according to the invention after appropriate characterization. Then cells of the malignant clone can first be marked and later separated in the desired manner. In principle, this procedure is possible for all other diseases. Even solid tumors such as breast cancer or colon cancer are increasingly understood in their molecular basis. Hereditary forms of breast and colon cancer can be distinguished from sporadic forms, which still make up the vast majority of cases. On the basis of the expression of certain gene patterns, the malignant cells can in turn be labeled and isolated in the desired form. In principle, extraction from liquids as well as from tissue is conceivable. At this point it must be emphasized again that such a specific procedure has not yet been possible with any other magnetic nanoparticle and represents a completely new application of the binding of magnetic particles to biomacromolecules.
• the residue is taken up again in HCl (3-10 N) and the whole process is repeated until an electrical conductivity of 20-500 ⁇ S / cm is reached at a pH of 4-5 or the residue is counteracted with HCl (3rd -10 N) dialyzed until these values are also reached.
• the saturation polarization of the stable magnetite / maghemite sol formed is a maximum of 6 mT.
• Magnetite and / or maghemite sols are added 6 g CM- Dextran (DS 0.4-2) dissolved in 20 ml of water and heated the mixture with stirring to 40-80 ° C, primarily 50-60 ° C, for 30 min.
• the stable sol formed in the process consisting of magnetite / maghemite particles coated with CM-dextran, is then purified by dialysis against water.
• the saturation polarization of the CM-dextran coated nanoparticles is a maximum of 6 mT.
• Example 5 2 g of dimercaptosuccinic acid dissolved in 20 ml of water are added to 100 ml of the magnetite and / or maghemite sol described in Examples 1 and 2 and the mixture is heated to 70 ° C. with stirring for 30 min.
• the stable sol formed in the process consisting of magnetite / maghemite particles coated with dimercaptosuccinic acid, is then purified by dialysis against water.
• the saturation polarization is 1-8 mT, primarily 3-6 mT.
• Example 7 100 ml of the dispersion prepared according to Example 1 or 2 are mixed in an alkaline solution which contains 7 g of N-oleoylsarcosine (Korantin SH from BASF) and stirred for 30 minutes at 50-80 ° C., primarily at 65 ° C. The particles agglomerate after mixing, but stabilize again when the pH in alkaline is maintained, primarily between 8 and 9. The particles precipitate out in acid but redisperse again in alkaline.
• Korantin SH N-oleoylsarcosine
• 1 ml of the magnetite and / or maghemite sol described in Examples 1 and 2 is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10 and adjusted to pH 7 by adding dilute NaOH. Then 60 mg of the albumin functionalized according to 9, dissolved in 10 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), are added and the mixture is heated to 40 ° C. with stirring for about 30 min. The magnetic liquid obtained is then centrifuged and the solution is purified by dialysis against water.
• 1 ml of the magnetic liquid prepared according to Example 3 or 4 is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10, mixed with 20 mg of a water-soluble carbodiimide (N-ethyl-N - (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride) and for about Stirred at 5-10 ° C for 30 min. Then 10 mg of a peptide (H-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-OH) are added and the mixture is kept at 5-10 ° C. for 24 h. To separate the by-products and unreacted starting materials, dialysis is carried out against water.
• a water-soluble carbodiimide N-ethyl-N - (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride

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