WO2000068988A1 - Uv-unterstützte dotierstoffaktivierung in verbindungshalbleitern mittels rtp- systemen - Google Patents
Uv-unterstützte dotierstoffaktivierung in verbindungshalbleitern mittels rtp- systemen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000068988A1 WO2000068988A1 PCT/EP2000/003666 EP0003666W WO0068988A1 WO 2000068988 A1 WO2000068988 A1 WO 2000068988A1 EP 0003666 W EP0003666 W EP 0003666W WO 0068988 A1 WO0068988 A1 WO 0068988A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- time interval
- temperature
- layer
- electromagnetic radiation
- charge carriers
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/324—Thermal treatment for modifying the properties of semiconductor bodies, e.g. annealing, sintering
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02538—Group 13/15 materials
- H01L21/0254—Nitrides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02538—Group 13/15 materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02551—Group 12/16 materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/0257—Doping during depositing
- H01L21/02573—Conductivity type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
- H01L21/02617—Deposition types
- H01L21/0262—Reduction or decomposition of gaseous compounds, e.g. CVD
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the thermal treatment of at least one layer, preferably consisting of compound semiconductors, for activating foreign atoms passivated by hydrogen in the layer, in which at least one layer is at a temperature higher than a first temperature at which the specific sheet resistance decreases. is heated for less than 120 seconds for a first time interval.
- the described method is used for the electrical activation of the p-doping of II-VI and III-V semiconductors which have been produced by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition), in particular by MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) processes .
- Such semiconductors are e.g. used for the production of optoelectronic components (e.g. light-emitting components such as blue light-emitting diodes or laser diodes).
- optoelectronic components e.g. light-emitting components such as blue light-emitting diodes or laser diodes.
- hydrogen is also incorporated into the semiconductor layer during the CVD processes .
- Photon energy is greater than the bandgap at the process temperature.
- the substrates are preferably heated to temperatures of approximately 650 ° C. to 800 ° C. for a period of two to 30 minutes.
- the complexes are broken up and the previously passivated acceptors (eg GaN: Mg) are activated, which reduces the sheet resistance by up to several orders of magnitude or increases the hole concentration accordingly.
- the activation of the acceptors and thus the hole concentration can be increased significantly.
- a longer annealing at comparatively low temperatures is preferably to be used.
- EP 0723303 describes a light-emitting electronic component constructed from heterostructures and a method for its production, in which annealing is carried out at around 600 C with the aid of UV laser radiation in order to increase the activation of the acceptors in the layers or to increase the sheet resistance humiliate.
- the object of the present invention is to eliminate these disadvantages.
- this object is achieved in that, in the method described at the outset, at least one layer is heated to a second temperature higher than the first temperature for a second time interval of up to 60 seconds within the first time interval, during the method in at least a third time interval charge carriers are generated by electromagnetic radiation within the layer.
- the process according to the invention advantageously advantageously shortens the process time for activating the hydrogen-passivated foreign atoms (e.g. Mg) in one or more layers consisting of compound semiconductors (e.g. GaN), sheet resistance and hole concentration being comparable to the known processes described above.
- the hydrogen-passivated foreign atoms e.g. Mg
- compound semiconductors e.g. GaN
- the method according to the invention is preferably carried out in rapid heating or RTP (rapid thermal processing) systems, since in RTP systems the semiconductors can be processed with very precise temperature-time processes and very high uniformity.
- RTP rapid thermal processing
- the first temperature of the process according to the invention is chosen between 350 C and 900 C, for example with GaN containing Mg (or in general with Group III nitrides) a temperature between 350 C and 600 C is preferred.
- the first temperature can also depend on the choice of the third time interval and on the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation and the associated generation of minority charge carriers. With increasing length of the third time interval and with increasing intensity of the electromagnetic radiation, the first temperature can be lowered, depending on the semiconductor type, which advantageously leads to a reduction in the thermal load on the layer.
- the second temperature during the second time interval is preferably chosen between 700 C and 1400 C.
- the choice of this temperature essentially depends on the material of the compound semiconductor, e.g. in the case of GaN containing Mg, a second temperature between 850 C and 1200 C is preferably selected.
- the second time interval can advantageously be significantly shortened, which likewise leads to a reduction in the thermal load on the semiconductor layer or the semiconductor layer system.
- the semiconductor can be heated to a second temperature higher than the decomposition temperature for a short time. If the surface of the semiconductor layer is provided with a coating (eg Si0 2 ), or if the semiconductor layer is heated under excess pressure, for example in a hydrogen-free N 2 atmosphere, the compound semiconductors will only decompose at higher temperatures, which further increases the second temperature can be.
- the time and temperature are chosen so that, for example in the case of Mg-doped GaN, the donor centers formed by nitrogen defects do not exceed the number of active Mg centers (generally active activator centers), so that in particular a p-conducting behavior of the layer results. This makes it possible to adjust the concentration and activation of donor and acceptor centers in a wide range.
- the duration of the third time interval in which charge carriers are generated by electromagnetic radiation within the semiconductor layer can be equal to the duration of the first time interval. Minority charge carriers are generated during the entire process section of the method in which the semiconductor layer has a temperature greater than the first temperature.
- the third time interval can also lie entirely or partially outside the first time interval. Then the layer is irradiated or only during the heating and / or cooling phase, or any other temperature-time process step before or after the first time interval, within which the layer temperature is still below the first temperature. This is particularly advantageous if the repassivation of activated foreign atoms (e.g. Mg) by hydrogen during cooling is to be avoided, or if, as described above, the first temperature earlier, i.e. should be achieved at a lower temperature.
- activated foreign atoms e.g. Mg
- the spatial concentration profile of the activated and passivated foreign atoms can also be set by the position and the length of the second and third time intervals, as well as by the first and the second temperature. If the second temperature is above the decomposition temperature, the defect concentration and its spatial distribution can also be set.
- the third time interval comprises the second, be equal to or within the second time interval, lie before the second time interval, time ranges before and from the second time interval or time ranges from the second and after the second time interval, but also include time ranges after the second time interval.
- the layers can comprise group III-V and / or group II-VI of the compound semiconductors, in particular group III-nitrides such as e.g. GaN.
- the energy of the electromagnetic radiation of the inventive driving is advantageously chosen larger than the band gap of at least one layer.
- minority carriers are produced within the layer by the electromagnetic radiation, which facilitates the activation of the foreign atoms passivated by hydrogen, avoids repassivation of the foreign atoms and supports the diffusion of the hydrogen.
- the method according to the invention is advantageously carried out by means of a rapid heating system (RTP system), since by means of the RTP system, very short heating processes in the range from one second to 30 minutes can be carried out.
- RTP system rapid heating system
- the temperature-time curves of the substrates can be set precisely to the second in a temperature range from room temperature to approx. 1400 C, whereby the substrate is heated extremely evenly at both low and high temperatures.
- Different process gases surrounding the substrate can also be used in RTP systems, the process gas pressure being adjustable from vacuum to overpressure conditions.
- 2a to 2f show various schematically illustrated temperature-time curves for a semiconductor layer treated in an RTP system.
- curve a shows schematically a typical course of a sheet resistance of a compound semiconductor, for example a GaN film mixed with Mg, as a function of the temperature.
- the semiconductor film has a high electrical resistance due to the passivation of the foreign atoms (eg Mg) by hydrogen R on. With increasing temperature, this decreases, as more and more hydrogen acceptor (foreign atom) complexes break up and the acceptors thus become electrically active. If all complexes are broken up and all acceptors are activated, the sheet resistance remains approximately constant with increasing temperature from a lower temperature value T L to an upper temperature value T H. From the upper temperature value T H , the sheet resistance R increases again significantly with increasing temperature, since from this temperature T H decomposition of the semiconductor layer occurs.
- T L is approximately 550 C
- T H is approximately 1050 C under atmospheric pressure.
- the temperature T L can be reduced by generating minority charge carriers.
- the charge carriers can be generated, for example, by irradiation with UV light, the incident photon energy being greater than the bandgap of the semiconductor layer at the corresponding layer temperature.
- the charge carriers can also be generated, for example, by applying a potential or a voltage to a semiconductor layer or to a semiconductor layer system, or by combining UV radiation and applying a potential or a voltage to the layer or the layer system.
- the reduction in the lower temperature value T L depends on the number of charge carriers generated.
- the lower temperature value can be reduced by approximately 100 ° C. by means of UV radiation, for example in the case of GaN with a wavelength of less than approximately 360 nm, as is shown in FIG. 1 by means of curve b.
- FIG. 2 a shows an example of a temperature-time curve of the method according to the invention.
- the semiconductor layer or in general the semiconductor layer system changes from room temperature (point A) as quickly as possible to the temperature T
- the temperature of the layer or generally at least one layer of the layer system
- the layer is heated to a second temperature T 2 for the duration of a second time interval (time difference CD between points D and C), the second time interval being less than 60 seconds.
- the temperature-time curve can generally have any curve shape with fluctuations of up to 200 ° C. around the second temperature T 2 .
- Figure 2a shows a GaN of about 550 C and a T 2 greater than the decomposition temperature of about 1050 C, which is why the second time interval CD is chosen to be less than 60 seconds, preferably less than 30 seconds.
- the lower limit for the second time interval is generally determined by the control speed with which the rising part of the temperature-time curve (ramp up) can be transferred to the falling part (ramp down). For modern RTP systems, this time is about 1 second. With future improvements to the RTP systems, this value may drop below.
- the duration of the second time interval CD (in FIG.
- the temperature T 2a crucially determines how much the temperature T 2 can exceed the decomposition temperature T H without the semiconductor layer or the layer system being permanently damaged.
- the shorter the second time interval CD the higher the temperature T 2 can be, since then the total thermal load on the layer in the time interval CD does not exceed a critical value. If the thermal load is below this critical value, the defects and defects formed can be largely or at least partially eliminated by subsequent annealing (tempering) at a temperature lower than T H , depending on the semiconductor type.
- the critical value of the thermal load on the layer or the layer system can be determined experimentally. In order that the highest possible temperature T 2 can be achieved with a given critical thermal load, it is important that the RTP system enables the semiconductor to be rapidly heated or cooled.
- Typical maximum heating speeds are between 75 C / s and 500 C / s depending on the system.
- electromagnetic radiation preferably UV radiation
- the third can be equal to the first time interval BE, which means that the free charge carriers are only generated when the Mg (or generally foreign atom) hydrogen complexes have already almost broken up thermally.
- the (photo) generated free electrons are then used to influence the diffusion behavior of the broken hydrogen within the semiconductor layer.
- the third time interval can also include the second BE or the entire process AF.
- the third time interval can lie anywhere within the process AF, and its duration can be up to the entire process time AF.
- the below the limit of the third time interval is limited by the technical possibilities of providing sufficient UV light output. It is currently around 10 "9 s for pulsed lasers and around 10 ⁇ s for flashlamps. However, time intervals from 1 to 120 seconds are preferred.
- charge carriers can be generated by UV radiation in several (third) time intervals. For example, the advantages mentioned above can be combined by using AB or AC generated in ramp up and ramp down load carriers.
- FIG. 2b shows a further example of the method according to the invention, in which the temperature T 2 is below the decomposition temperature T H.
- at least one semiconductor layer is heated to a temperature greater than the first temperature T 1 for at least one time interval BE less than 120 s and kept at a temperature T 2 for a second time interval CD less than 60 s.
- the length of the second time interval CD is less critical here, since the second temperature T 2 is below the decomposition temperature T H.
- the position and the duration of the third time interval can be selected accordingly, as described above in connection with FIG. 2a.
- the third time interval is optimized in position and duration. This can be determined experimentally and depends on the semiconductor layer. For example, it may be advantageous to irradiate the layer with UV light during process area AB (in FIG. 2b). As a result, the Mg-H complex is broken up even at low temperatures.
- the hydrogen diffuses into the surface areas of the layer with a very high diffusion constant.
- UV radiation is carried out again in order to prevent the Mg (of the foreign atoms) from being re-passivated in GaN (in the II-VI or III-V semiconductor). Overall, this process gives a high degree of activation.
- FIG. 2c A further exemplary embodiment is shown in FIG. 2c.
- the foreign atoms are activated by breaking up the hydrogen-foreign atom complex and the hydrogen or the hydrogen ion diffuses in the direction of the semiconductor surface.
- the hydrogen diffusion is increased by the further increase in temperature DEF.
- the temperature can, as shown in FIG H exceed, or as Fig. 2d, is below these are.
- rungs- influence on the activation or Repassivtechniksgrad are taken by the position and duration of the third interval of time by irradiation with UV light.
- Time interval EF with the respective associated (average) temperature can be viewed. Due to the diffusion and activation mechanism, the time interval EF of the higher temperature is preferably chosen to be substantially shorter than the time interval CD. Together, the intervals are shorter than 120 s, which is the maximum allowable time for the first time interval BG.
- a high temperature step EF which is preceded by a lower temperature step CD (approximately as in FIG. 2c), is followed by a further temperature step in the interval GH.
- This step GH is particularly advantageous if a high temperature step EF (which may also be above the decomposition temperature) causes noticeable defect formation (for example N defects in GaN). Depending on the semiconductor material, these defects can then be largely or at least partially healed in step GH.
- both the time interval CD and the time intervals EF and / or GH can be interpreted as a second time interval or as a second time interval, the interval length then being less than 60 s.
- the sum of the intervals CD, EF and GH are also shorter than 120 s, which is the maximum permissible time for the first time interval B1.
- electromagnetic radiation for example UV light
- the position and duration of the third time interval within which charge carriers are generated in the semiconductor layer by electromagnetic radiation are suitably chosen, as described above, preferably in the area of heating, for example in the AB or AC area and in the area of cooling, for example in the areas of FG and / or Hl the semiconductor layer is irradiated with UV light.
- the diffusion process of the hydrogen formed during activation can also be influenced, ie the diffusion through the semiconductor layer can be accelerated.
- This can take place, for example, in that the substrate with the semiconductor layer or the semiconductor layer system is placed at a positive potential with respect to the process gas or with respect to an electrode which is spaced above the layer.
- a potential in the manner described can be used in addition to the electromagnetic radiation in the third time interval, or only one potential can be used for the cases described above during the third time interval, ie UV radiation is not used . If only one potential or field is applied to the layer during the third time interval, this does not necessarily generate charge carriers in the layer.
- the change in the electrochemical potential alone changes the diffusion behavior of the hydrogen in the layer.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2000617489A JP2002544668A (ja) | 1999-05-06 | 2000-04-22 | Rtp系による化合物半導体中のドーピング剤のuvにより支持された活性化 |
KR1020017013561A KR100660240B1 (ko) | 1999-05-06 | 2000-04-22 | 급속 가열 시스템에서 자외선을 사용한 화합물 반도체의 열처리 |
EP00929412A EP1175698A1 (de) | 1999-05-06 | 2000-04-22 | Uv-unterstützte dotierstoffaktivierung in verbindungshalbleitern mittels rtp-systemen |
US10/069,826 US6737367B1 (en) | 1999-05-06 | 2000-04-22 | UV-supported thermal treatment of compound semiconductors in RTP systems |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19920871.9 | 1999-05-06 | ||
DE19920871A DE19920871B4 (de) | 1999-05-06 | 1999-05-06 | Verfahren zum Aktivieren von Ladungsträgern durch strahlungsunterstützte Wärmebehandlung |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2000068988A1 true WO2000068988A1 (de) | 2000-11-16 |
Family
ID=7907178
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2000/003666 WO2000068988A1 (de) | 1999-05-06 | 2000-04-22 | Uv-unterstützte dotierstoffaktivierung in verbindungshalbleitern mittels rtp- systemen |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6737367B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1175698A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2002544668A (de) |
KR (1) | KR100660240B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE19920871B4 (de) |
TW (1) | TW463214B (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000068988A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7501666B2 (en) * | 2004-08-06 | 2009-03-10 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Method for forming p-type semiconductor region, and semiconductor element |
DE102004039443B4 (de) * | 2004-08-13 | 2023-05-25 | Beijing E-Town Semiconductor Technology, Co., Ltd. | Verfahren zum thermischen Behandeln von scheibenförmigen Substraten |
CN101529674B (zh) * | 2006-10-17 | 2011-06-29 | 三洋电机株式会社 | 氮化物类半导体激光元件及其制造方法 |
JP5214153B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-09 | 2013-06-19 | 大日本スクリーン製造株式会社 | 熱処理装置 |
KR100982993B1 (ko) * | 2008-10-14 | 2010-09-17 | 삼성엘이디 주식회사 | Ⅲ족 질화물 반도체의 표면 처리 방법, ⅲ족 질화물 반도체및 그의 제조 방법 및 ⅲ족 질화물 반도체 구조물 |
US8030188B2 (en) | 2008-12-05 | 2011-10-04 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Methods of forming a compound semiconductor device including a diffusion region |
CN102414795B (zh) * | 2009-05-01 | 2015-06-24 | 国立大学法人东京大学 | 化合物半导体的沉积方法和装置 |
US9449825B2 (en) * | 2012-02-03 | 2016-09-20 | SCREEN Holdings Co., Ltd. | Heat treatment apparatus for heating substrate by irradiation with flashes of light, and heat treatment method |
US20170154963A1 (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2017-06-01 | North Carolina State University | Controlled doping from low to high levels in wide bandgap semiconductors |
DE102020122677A1 (de) | 2020-08-31 | 2022-03-03 | Aixtron Se | Verfahren zum Abscheiden einer zweidimensionalen Schicht |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0399662A2 (de) * | 1989-05-01 | 1990-11-28 | AT&T Corp. | Verfahren zum Ausheilen von Halbleitern |
US5786233A (en) * | 1996-02-20 | 1998-07-28 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Photo-assisted annealing process for activation of acceptors in semiconductor compound layers |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5227328A (en) * | 1991-04-03 | 1993-07-13 | North American Philips Corporation | Method of producing epitaxial layers of II-VI semiconductors with high acceptor concentrations |
US5306662A (en) * | 1991-11-08 | 1994-04-26 | Nichia Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Method of manufacturing P-type compound semiconductor |
JPH07273366A (ja) * | 1994-03-28 | 1995-10-20 | Pioneer Electron Corp | Iii族窒化物発光素子の製造方法 |
JPH08222797A (ja) * | 1995-01-17 | 1996-08-30 | Hewlett Packard Co <Hp> | 半導体装置およびその製造方法 |
-
1999
- 1999-05-06 DE DE19920871A patent/DE19920871B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-04-22 KR KR1020017013561A patent/KR100660240B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-04-22 EP EP00929412A patent/EP1175698A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-04-22 JP JP2000617489A patent/JP2002544668A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-04-22 WO PCT/EP2000/003666 patent/WO2000068988A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-04-22 US US10/069,826 patent/US6737367B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-05-05 TW TW089108654A patent/TW463214B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0399662A2 (de) * | 1989-05-01 | 1990-11-28 | AT&T Corp. | Verfahren zum Ausheilen von Halbleitern |
US5786233A (en) * | 1996-02-20 | 1998-07-28 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Photo-assisted annealing process for activation of acceptors in semiconductor compound layers |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
KAMIURA Y ET AL: "Photo-enhanced activation of hydrogen-passivated magnesium in p-type GaN films", JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, PART 2 (LETTERS), vol. 37, no. 8B, 15 August 1998 (1998-08-15), pages L970 - L971, XP002144578, ISSN: 0021-4922 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002544668A (ja) | 2002-12-24 |
KR100660240B1 (ko) | 2006-12-20 |
DE19920871B4 (de) | 2004-07-01 |
TW463214B (en) | 2001-11-11 |
US6737367B1 (en) | 2004-05-18 |
EP1175698A1 (de) | 2002-01-30 |
KR20010110800A (ko) | 2001-12-13 |
DE19920871A1 (de) | 2000-11-30 |
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